Objective: Short stature is a common problem encountered by pediatricians and is the most common cause for referral to pediatric endocrinologists. Although most children referred with short stature are normal and classified as normal variants of stature (constitutional growth delay and familial short stature), it may sometimes be the only obvious manifestation of an endocrine or systemic disease. The objective of this study was to assess the characteristics of patients referred to pediatric endocrinology clinic because of short stature and determination of the etiology. Methods: Three hundred-seventy nine children and adolescents were studied which referred with short stature to pediatric endocrinology clinic. After complete clinical and paraclinical evaluation and appropriate treatment (if needed), patients were followed for at lEast six months. Findings: From 379 studied patients with a mean age of 9.7±3.7 years, 192 (50.7%) were girls and 187 (49.3%) boys (P=0.066); short stature in 132 (34.8%) of patients was not approved. Normal variants of Short stature (familial and constitutional) constituted 53.3% of etiology in short patients. In 11.5% of short patients, no obvious etiology was found, and 9.8% were born with intra uterine growth retardation. Other causes were growth hormone deficiency, hypothyroidism, skeletal dysphasia, Turner syndrome, and malnutrition.Conclusion: A great number of children and adolescents referred with short stature to pediatric endocrinology clinics are not really short. Greater than half of short patients are normal variants of Short stature.

Background: Euthanasia is one of the important challenges in the field of end of life care. There are few studies investigated the attitude of Shiite Muslim nurses about different aspects of euthanasia.Objectives: The aim of present study was to investigate the attitude of Iranian Shiite nurses about different aspects of euthanasia in East Azerbaijan Provence, Iran, 2012.Patients and Methods: In this descriptive study, 209 nurses (census sampling method) from 6 educational hospitals in East Azerbaijan Province were participated. The attitude of nurses was investigated with Euthanasia Attitude Questionnaire, which is a 31-item scale. This scale investigate the attitude of nurses in 5 domains, including general attitude (3 items), legal and religious issues (5 items), end of life care (8 items), euthanasia decision making (8 items), and attitude toward different types of euthanasia (7 items). Descriptive statistics were used for data analysis using SPSS software (ver. 13).Results: Participants had a negative attitude towards all aspects of euthanasia. They reported that they would not participate in euthanasia procedure even this procedure was accepted by religious leaders and legal authorities. They believed that caring of end of life patients is a burden but this is not a reason for euthanasia and also they did not consider patients or their relative as decision makers for euthanasia. In addition, participants rejected all types of euthanasia.Conclusions: Iranian nurses in East Azerbaijan Provence have negative attitudes toward different aspects of euthanasia and this negative attitude is not related to religious or legal issues. So, searching for the reasons for such an attitude needs more investigation.

Background: Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer death worldwide with more than 1.3 million people dying of the disease annually. In Asia, the incidence and mortality rates of lung cancer are generally lower than those in western countries. We aimed to obtain cancer incidence data from the East Azerbaijan, Iran; to select the target populations for our future cancer field studies.Methods: Diagnosed primary lung cancer cases and pleura and trachea during five years (2002-2006) were collected from the hospital or private pathology laboratories in East Azerbaijan and analyzed using SPSS 13.0 after metastatic and same cases exclusion.Results: In this study 159314 pathology records were studied in hospitals and laboratories; 12083 of them were cancer cases. 9166 of them were primary cancer patients and Azerbaijan residents. A total of 469 new lung cancer cases (81% male, 19% female) were diagnosed during the years 2002–2006, the age-adjusted incidence rate (ASR) per 100,000 being 16.6 for males and 4.2 for females. Squamous cell carcinoma was the most common histological type (58.5%), the proportion of adenocarcinoma being 27.6%, small cell carcinoma 12.6% and large cell carcinoma 0.6%. ASR was calculated for cancer of pleura (0.4, 0.3) and for cancer of trachea (0.2, 0.1) per 100000 in male and female, respectively.Conclusion: This study is the first report of respiratory tract cancer incidence in East Azerbaijan. The results of the present study are statistic analysis of the cancer prevalence and incidence in Iran which mainly correspond with the international reports and is a scientific tool we want to offer to all those who work in the prevention, care and treatment of cancer in Iran.

The East Azerbaijan Province (Ā zarbā ijā n-e Sharqi) is in the northwest of the country, bordering Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan, and the provinces of Ardabil, West Azerbaijan, and Zanjan. Its capital is Tabriz, The province covers an area of approximately 47, 830 km² , The highest peak of East Azerbaijan is Sahand Mountain at 3, 722 m of elevation, lying south of Tabriz, whereas the lower lying areas are around Garmadooz (Ahar). The heights of the province may be classified into three sectors, namely: the Qara Daq Mountains, the Sahand and Bozqoosh Mountains, and the Qaflan Kooh Mountain, Generally speaking, East Azerbaijan enjoys a cool, dry climate, being in the main a mountainous region. But the gentle breezes off the Caspian Sea have some influence on the climate of the low-lying areas, we collected 7 species and subspecies of lizards belonging to five genera. The Lacertidae family, have been documented from the East Azerbaijan area with the following species: Darevskia raddeii, Iranolacerta brandtii, Eremias strauchi, Eremias arguta, Lacerta media, Lacerta strigata, Ophisops elegans.

Background & Aims: Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is one of the most common preventable causes of mental retardation throughout the world. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of CH among newborns of East Azerbaijan province in 2009-2010.Methods: This descriptive analytic study was performed by using census cross- sectional method on 62459 neonates in East Azerbaijan province from 21st March 2009 to 20th March 2010. Blood samples were taken within the 3rd -5th days of life by lancet sticking of neonatal heel and transferred to filter papers for measuring TSH level. In the case of TSH ≥ 5mu/l, additional confirmation tests were done and confirmed cases based on serum confirmation test (TSH>10 mu/l or T4<6.5mg/dl) underwent treatment according to the national guidelines. Data were analyzed by SPSS software.Results: The recall rate was 2.5%. Total number of patients was 94, including 55 males (58.5%) and 39 females (41.5%). Prevalence in males, females and overall was respectively 1:588, 1:769 and 1:666, with no significant difference. Seasonal prevalence was respectively 1:833, 1:943, 1:492 and 1:588 that shows no significant difference among four seasons. The highest prevalence was in Tabriz (27.7%) and the lowest in Azarshahr (0%) and Kaleibar (0%). Mean maternal age of affected neonates was 26.22 ± 6.2 years. Mean neonate's weight was 3500 ± 652 grams. In 76% of neonates time of sampling was in the 3rd -5th days of life and in 89% of them test result was announced before 13th day. Mean treatment onset based on neonate's age was 2.7±1 day. In 97.5% of screened neonates TSH level was less than 5 mu/l. Conclusion: The prevalence of CH in East Azerbaijan province is significantly higher than national and worldwide levels that requires continuation and reinforcement of neonatal screening programs. On the other hand, comprehensive and complementary studies for recognizing relevant factors are among priorities of health system research in this province.

Due to water use increasing, attention to optimal water resources allocation is needed. In Iran, due to lack of rainfall in most watersheds and limitation of water resource, planning is very essential and inevitable to identify facilities and the limitation with the aim of optimum operation. In recent decades, the use of intelligent evolutionary methods for optimization of water allocation was more focused by researchers. Genetic algorithm is one of the new optimization methods which were more applied for complex and nonlinear problems. In this research, Alavian dam and Sufi-chay irrigation and drainage Network in downstream of dam was considered. The agricultural lands include four regions with different areas. The results indicated that the difference between the average amount of allocated and optimized water in various regions was equal to 2.1 MCM per year. The average area under cultivation from actual values was 3 percent more than predicted values of water resources. Based on optimal cultivated areas, the benefit from sailing agricultural product has oscillation and does not specific trend.

In a survey conducted to identify terrestrial nematodes of Roodghat area, Sufiyan-East Azerbaijan province, Iran, 80 soil samples were collected during 2016 and 2017. The soil samples were processed and the nematodes were extracted, killed, fixed, and transferred to anhydrous glycerin as usual. Permanent microscopic slides were prepared from the nematodes. Their morphological characteristics and morphometric properties were studied under an optical microscope consisting of a drawing tube. In this study, 35 species belonging to 25 genera (plant parasitic and non-plant parasitic) were identified that among them Axodorylaimellus deviatus (Baqri & Jairajpuri, 1969) Jairajpuri & Ahmad, 1980, Kochinema tenue Argo & Van Den Berg 1971, Laevides laevis (Thorne, 1939) Thorne, 1974, Metaporcelaimus labiatus (de Man, 1880) Andrá ssy, 2001 and Metaxonchium bihariense (Popovici, 1990) Andrá ssy, 1996 were new records for the nematode fauna of Iran and are described here.

Glanders is a zoonosis caused by Burkholderia mallei (B. mallei). Glanders has been re-emerging in recent years due to war in the Middle East, unauthorized transfer, the lack of formulated action plans, etc. The prevalence of glanders in Iran and the risk of B. mallei transmission and infection is high, therefore requires the quick identify this disease in animals, particularly in horses. This study investigated glanders re-emerging in horses in East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. From 22 September 2020 to 20 March 2021, six-month periodic tests such as the complement fixation test (CFT) were implemented by the Veterinary Administration of East Azerbaijan to detect glanders in horses. In the case of positive CFT results, the mallein test was conducted. According to the test results, blood samples were taken to culture and prepare serum for the ELISA test. Deep swab samples were collected from nasal mucosa, lymph fluid, and blood. The CFT results indicated 12 horses were susceptible to glanders, and three horses were diagnosed with glanders based on the mallein confirmatory test results. B. mallei were not isolated in culturing the samples. Three cases were positive in the ELISA test which was consistent with the CFT and mallein test results. However, the molecular test results were negative. It is challenging to isolate B. mallei in the early stage of disease, and the negative molecular diagnostic test result may be misleading in glanders diagnosis. In susceptible cases with a positive CF test result, glanders can be diagnosed by skin mallein and ELISA tests.